Economics PhDs

Research process

For this profile, we interviewed economist Robin Hanson and read the following sources. See all our research in our wiki.

What is this career path?

In this profile we focus on doing an Economics PhD in the US, which usually takes 5-7 years.¹ In the first two years you take classes and the remaining time is spent on writing a dissertation. You usually have to teach during your PhD. More detail on what you do in each phase is here. At the end, you usually apply for jobs through the centrally organised Job Openings for Economists, which is run by the American Economic Association, or you can apply for jobs independently.

Entry requirements

An economics major isn’t required but you need proven math ability and it helps to have taken mathematical economics classes.

You also need:

• A high score on the quantitative reasoning section of the GRE – 165 (90th percentile for all individuals taking the GRE) or higher for most programs. If your score is less than 160, your chances are very low.²
• A high GPA (3.5+), especially in economics and mathematics.³
• Excellent letters of recommendation from academics; ideally, those that are well-known.

Can you enter from a non-quantitative background? It’s possible, but difficult. You’ll need to spend one to three years retraining. See some advice on how to meet the entry requirements if you have a non-quantitative undergraduate degree.

Why should you do an economics PhD?

Doing high impact research

Academia

Research in economics academia is a potentially very high impact option because you can work on priority cause areas, like global priorities research or AI policy. For example, to contribute to global priorities research you might work on the economics of existential risk and long-term trajectory change, while the macroeconomics, political economy and industrial organisation of AI will be important for developing informed AI policy.

Doing such research is a realistic option because Economics professors get a lot freedom to do research across a wide range of topics and disciplines. That also gives you great option value for future research.⁴ You often even get a high degree of autonomy with your dissertation and aren’t forced to specialise narrowly in your advisor’s research interests, giving you freedom to pursue research topics that you most want to work on during your PhD itself (though we’ve heard that sometimes there is pressure to choose topics with higher publication and job market value).

If you do an economics PhD, you have a decent chance of getting a job as an academic: Data indicates that more than half of economics PhDs get jobs in academia after their PhD.⁵

Non-academic research

If you don’t get a job in academia, or if you don’t want to, there are other important sectors that explicitly hire economics PhDs, including:

• Government (e.g. Federal Reserve, Treasury, Department of Justice)
• Nonprofit research organisations and think-tanks (e.g. RAND, National Bureau of Economic Research)
• International organisations (e.g. World Bank, International Monetary Fund)

The impact you can have in these jobs tends to be more direct and focused on specific issues than in academia. Many of these jobs are advertised on the Job Openings for Economists, which means you don’t have to apply for them separately from academic jobs.

Advocacy potential

Having an economics PhD also puts you in a position to build a public platform and become a public intellectual through journalism and writing books.

You can also influence policy through your research, though some claim that most of the time economists just provide arguments for people with pre-existing views. However there could be room for outsized influence if you provide policy recommendations on issues that are orthogonal to popular disputes,⁶ and our guess is that in the long-run economists can change conventional wisdom about what is good policy. You might do this by engaging directly with policy or by conducting academic research on the most pressing problems in order to shift the research priorities of the economics community. Examples of organisations working on the latter are the Global Priorities Institute and the Forethought Foundation.

Other benefits

• You gain a broad set of tools for understanding how the social world works, which is helpful for evaluating causes and interventions. This may help you better evaluate your future career options to have more impact. A notable example of this in action is the founding of GiveDirectly (one of GiveWell’s top recommended charities), which was founded by economics PhD students.
• Excellent job prospects: You are nearly guaranteed a job. The unemployment rate for economics PhDs is very low (0.8% in 2013) and data indicates that it has the lowest unemployment rate of all science and engineering PhDs.⁷ You also get the benefit of the centrally organised Job Openings for Economists, which allows you to apply to many different jobs in a short period of time and interview for them at the same time, in the same place.
• Academic salaries for economics PhDs tend to be higher than other PhDs. The median pay for those who gained economics PhDs in 2013 and were in full-time employment at a university was $108,000, which is higher than all other science PhDs.⁸ Moreover, the jobs outside of academia which economics PhDs get are higher paid than non-academic jobs other PhDs get.⁹

What are the downsides of doing an economics PhD?

• You have a relatively low income whilst doing your PhD and have to work very long hours.
• You spend 5-7 years getting exposure only to academia, making this option less good for exploration value.
• The high degree of autonomy you get means there is little external structure on your time, which can be stressful, and you get very little feedback about how well you are doing which can be demotivating.
• Many PhD economists end up in academic jobs where they spend a large portion of their time teaching, leaving less time for research.¹⁰

Who should consider doing an economics PhD?

Commonly given advice is that you should only do an economics PhD if you:

• Are good at math and enjoy formal models in economics
• Are willing to study 50-80 hours per week (hours are particularly long in the first year)
• Love intellectual pursuits and have a strong drive to do self-directed research.¹¹

If you meet those conditions, then an economics PhD may be a good option for you if you want to go into economics academia or if you want to do high-level research at think-tanks or international organisations.

Next steps

To get a sense of what academic research looks like, try reading published papers in major journals, such as the American Economic Review (here is one paper). You can then test your ability and interest by taking classes in economics, math and statistics either at your university or online.

If you are interested in global priorities research, read our problem profile on the topic, and the research agenda of the Global Priorities Institute.

There are many guides online to getting into an economics PhD. We recommend that you start by reading this one, and then read a few of the others. If you’re applying from a non-quantitative background, see these tips by one of our users.

Learn more

• Ideas for research questions in economics
• Noah Smith – If you get a PhD, get an economics PhD
• All our articles on Economics PhDs
• Publishing and Promotion in Economics: The Tyranny of the Top Five by James J. Heckman and Sidharth Moktan
• Podcast: Sam Bowman on why housing still isn’t fixed and what would actually work
• Podcast: Dr Eva Vivalt’s research suggests social science findings don’t generalize. So evidence-based development – what is it good for?
• Podcast: David Roodman on incarceration, geomagnetic storms, & becoming a world-class researcher
• Podcast: Rachel Glennerster on how “market shaping” could help solve climate change, pandemics, and other global problems
• Podcast: Prof Yew-Kwang Ng is a visionary economist who anticipated many key ideas in effective altruism decades ago. Here’s his take on ethics and how to create a much happier world.
• Podcast: Mushtaq Khan on using institutional economics to predict effective government reforms
• Podcast: Economist Bryan Caplan on whether lazy parenting is OK, what really helps workers, and betting on beliefs