Search for:

Career guide
AGI careers
Podcast
Job board
Resources
See all →
Top areas to work on
Power-seeking AI systems
AI-enabled power grabs
Engineered pandemics
Great power conflict
Factory farming
Wild animal suffering
Global health
Climate change
Emerging challenges
Moral status of digital minds
Gradual disempowerment
'S-risks'
Space governance
Catastrophic AI misuse
More problem profiles →
See all →
AI-focused career paths
AI governance and policy
AI safety technical research
Information security in high-impact areas
Expert in AI hardware
China-related AI safety and governance
Other top paths
Journalism
Biorisk research, strategy, and policy
Be a founder
Earn to give
Help build the effective altruism community
Research into global priorities
Nuclear weapons safety and security
Operations in high-impact organisations
More career reviews →
Key topics
Your career is your most important decision
A definition of impact
On problem selection
Why prioritise existential risks
Effective solutions
Making a big contribution
Differences in productivity
Comparative advantage
Being ambitious
Coordination
Exploration
Harmful jobs
Fundamentals of career planning
See the full series →
Get 1-1 advice
Get 1-1 advice

New releases
All articles
Community
Give feedback
About

Home Authors Keiran Harris

Search for:

New releases
All articles
Community
Give feedback
About

Author archive: Keiran Harris

Filter by content type:
All223
Podcasts204
Podcasts (80k After Hours)13
Blog posts6

2024

November

#210 – Cameron Meyer Shorb on dismantling the myth that we can’t do anything to help wild animals
Podcast
#209 – Rose Chan Loui on OpenAI’s gambit to ditch its nonprofit
Podcast
#208 – Elizabeth Cox on the case that TV shows, movies, and novels can improve the world
Podcast
#207 – Sarah Eustis-Guthrie on why she shut down her charity, and why more founders should follow her lead
Podcast
Parenting insights from Rob and 8 past guests
Podcast
#206 – Anil Seth on the predictive brain and how to study consciousness
Podcast

October

#205 – Sébastien Moro on the most insane things fish can do
Podcast
#204 – Nate Silver on making sense of SBF, and his biggest critiques of effective altruism
Podcast
#203 – Peter Godfrey-Smith on interfering with wild nature, accepting death, and the origin of complex civilisation
Podcast

September

#202 – Venki Ramakrishnan on the cutting edge of anti-ageing science
Podcast
#201 – Ken Goldberg on why your robot butler isn’t here yet
Podcast
#200 – Ezra Karger on what superforecasters and experts think about existential risks
Podcast

August

#199 – Nathan Calvin on California’s AI bill SB 1047 and its potential to shape US AI policy
Podcast
#198 – Meghan Barrett on upending everything you thought you knew about bugs in 3 hours
Podcast
#197 – Nick Joseph on whether Anthropic’s AI safety policy is up to the task
Podcast
#196 – Jonathan Birch on the edge cases of sentience and why they matter
Podcast
#195 – Sella Nevo on who’s trying to steal frontier AI models, and what they could do with them
Podcast

July

#194 – Vitalik Buterin on defensive acceleration and how to regulate AI when you fear government
Podcast
#193 – Sihao Huang on navigating the geopolitics of US–China AI competition
Podcast
#192 – Annie Jacobsen on what would happen if North Korea launched a nuclear weapon at the US
Podcast
#191 – Carl Shulman on government and society after AGI (Part 2)
Podcast

June

#191 – Carl Shulman on the economy and national security after AGI (Part 1)
Podcast
#190 – Eric Schwitzgebel on whether the US is conscious
Podcast

May

#189 – Rachel Glennerster on why we still don’t have vaccines that could save millions
Podcast
#188 – Matt Clancy on whether science is good
Podcast
#187 – Zach Weinersmith on how researching his book turned him from a space optimist into a “space bastard”
Podcast
#186 – Dean Spears on why babies are born small in Uttar Pradesh, and how to save their lives
Podcast

April

#185 – Lewis Bollard on the 7 most promising ways to end factory farming, and whether AI is going to be good or bad for animals
Podcast
#184 – Zvi Mowshowitz on sleeping on sleeper agents, and the biggest AI updates since ChatGPT
Podcast

March

Christian Ruhl on why we’re entering a new nuclear age — and how to reduce the risks
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#183 – Spencer Greenberg on causation without correlation, money and happiness, lightgassing, hype vs value, and more
Podcast
#182 – Bob Fischer on comparing the welfare of humans, chickens, pigs, octopuses, bees, and more
Podcast
#181 – Laura Deming on the science that could keep us healthy in our 80s and beyond
Podcast

February

#180 – Hugo Mercier on why gullibility and misinformation are overrated
Podcast
#179 – Randy Nesse on why evolution left us so vulnerable to depression and anxiety
Podcast
#178 – Emily Oster on what the evidence actually says about pregnancy and parenting
Podcast

January

#177 – Nathan Labenz on recent AI breakthroughs and navigating the growing rift between AI safety and accelerationist camps
Podcast

2023

December

#176 – Nathan Labenz on the final push for AGI, understanding OpenAI’s leadership drama, and red-teaming frontier models
Podcast
#175 – Lucia Coulter on preventing lead poisoning for $1.66 per child
Podcast
#174 – Nita Farahany on the neurotechnology already being used to convict criminals and manipulate workers
Podcast
Benjamin Todd on the history of 80,000 Hours
Podcast (80k After Hours)

November

#173 – Jeff Sebo on digital minds, and how to avoid sleepwalking into a major moral catastrophe
Podcast
#172 – Bryan Caplan on why you should stop reading the news
Podcast
#171 – Alison Young on how top labs have jeopardised public health with repeated biosafety failures
Podcast
#170 – Santosh Harish on how air pollution is responsible for ~12% of global deaths — and how to get that number down
Podcast

October

#169 – Paul Niehaus on whether cash transfers cause economic growth, and keeping theft to acceptable levels
Podcast
#168 – Ian Morris on whether deep history says we’re heading for an intelligence explosion
Podcast
#167 – Seren Kell on the research gaps holding back alternative proteins from mass adoption
Podcast
#166 – Tantum Collins on what he’s learned as an AI policy insider at the White House, DeepMind and elsewhere
Podcast
#165 – Anders Sandberg on war in space, whether civilisations age, and the best things possible in our universe
Podcast
#164 – Kevin Esvelt on cults that want to kill everyone, stealth vs wildfire pandemics, and how he felt inventing gene drives
Podcast

September

#163 – Toby Ord on the perils of maximising the good that you do
Podcast
Alex Lawsen on avoiding 10 mistakes people make when pursuing a high-impact career
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#162 – Mustafa Suleyman on getting Washington and Silicon Valley to tame AI
Podcast

August

#161 – Michael Webb on whether AI will soon cause job loss, lower incomes, and higher inequality — or the opposite
Podcast
#160 – Hannah Ritchie on why it makes sense to be optimistic about the environment
Podcast
#159 – Jan Leike on OpenAI’s massive push to make superintelligence safe in 4 years or less
Podcast

July

#158 – Holden Karnofsky on how AIs might take over even if they’re no smarter than humans, and his 4-part playbook for AI risk
Podcast
#157 – Ezra Klein on existential risk from AI and what DC could do about it
Podcast
Hannah Boettcher on the mental health challenges that come with trying to have a big impact
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#156 – Markus Anderljung on how to regulate cutting-edge AI models
Podcast

June

#155 – Lennart Heim on the compute governance era and what has to come after
Podcast
#154 – Rohin Shah on DeepMind and trying to fairly hear out both AI doomers and doubters
Podcast
#153 – Elie Hassenfeld on two big-picture critiques of GiveWell’s approach, and six lessons from their recent work
Podcast

May

#152 – Joe Carlsmith on navigating serious philosophical confusion
Podcast
#151 – Ajeya Cotra on accidentally teaching AI models to deceive us
Podcast
#150 – Tom Davidson on how quickly AI could transform the world
Podcast

April

Luisa and Keiran on free will, and the consequences of never feeling enduring guilt or shame
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#149 – Tim LeBon on how altruistic perfectionism is self-defeating
Podcast
#148 – Johannes Ackva on unfashionable climate interventions that work, and fashionable ones that don’t
Podcast

March

#147 – Spencer Greenberg on stopping valueless papers from getting into top journals
Podcast
Luisa and Robert Long on how to make independent research more fun
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#146 – Robert Long on why large language models like GPT (probably) aren’t conscious
Podcast

February

#145 – Christopher Brown on why slavery abolition wasn’t inevitable
Podcast

January

#144 – Athena Aktipis on why cancer is actually one of the fundamental phenomena in our universe
Podcast

2022

December

#143 – Jeffrey Lewis on the most common misconceptions about nuclear weapons
Podcast
#142 – John McWhorter on key lessons from linguistics, the virtue of creoles, and language extinction
Podcast
#141 – Richard Ngo on large language models, OpenAI, and striving to make the future go well
Podcast
Marcus Davis on founding and leading Rethink Priorities
Podcast (80k After Hours)

November

#140 – Bear Braumoeller on the case that war isn’t in decline
Podcast

October

#139 – Alan Hájek on puzzles and paradoxes in probability and expected value
Podcast

September

#138 – Sharon Hewitt Rawlette on why pleasure and pain are the only things that intrinsically matter
Podcast
Kuhan Jeyapragasan on effective altruism university groups
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#137 – Andreas Mogensen on whether effective altruism is just for consequentialists
Podcast
Andrés Jiménez Zorrilla on the Shrimp Welfare Project
Podcast (80k After Hours)

August

#136 – Will MacAskill on what we owe the future
Podcast
#135 – Samuel Charap on key lessons from five months of war in Ukraine
Podcast

July

#134 – Ian Morris on what big-picture history teaches us
Podcast
#133 – Max Tegmark on how a ‘put-up-or-shut-up’ resolution led him to work on AI and algorithmic news selection
Podcast

June

#132 – Nova DasSarma on why information security may be critical to the safe development of AI systems
Podcast
#131 – Lewis Dartnell on getting humanity to bounce back faster in a post-apocalyptic world
Podcast

May

Clay Graubard and Robert de Neufville on forecasting the war in Ukraine
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#130 – Will MacAskill on balancing frugality with ambition, whether you need longtermism, and mental health under pressure
Podcast
#129 – Dr James Tibenderana on the state of the art in malaria control and elimination
Podcast

April

#128 – Chris Blattman on the five reasons wars happen
Podcast
#127 – Sam Bankman-Fried on taking a high-risk approach to crypto and doing good
Podcast
#126 – Bryan Caplan on whether lazy parenting is OK, what really helps workers, and betting on beliefs
Podcast

March

#125 – Joan Rohlfing on how to avoid catastrophic nuclear blunders
Podcast
#124 – Karen Levy on fads and misaligned incentives in global development, and scaling deworming to reach hundreds of millions
Podcast
#123 – Samuel Charap on why Putin invaded Ukraine, the risk of escalation, and how to prevent disaster
Podcast
Michelle and Habiba on what they’d tell their younger selves, and the impact of the 1-1 team
Podcast (80k After Hours)
#122 – Michelle Hutchinson & Habiba Islam on balancing competing priorities and other themes from our 1-on-1 careers advising
Podcast

February

Alex Lawsen on his advice for students
Podcast (80k After Hours)
Rob and Keiran on the philosophy of The 80,000 Hours Podcast
Podcast (80k After Hours)
Introducing 80k After Hours
Blog post
#121 – Matthew Yglesias on avoiding the pundit’s fallacy and how much military intervention can be used for good
Podcast
#120 – Audrey Tang on what we can learn from Taiwan’s experiments with how to do democracy
Podcast

2021

December

#119 – Andrew Yang on our very long-term future, and other topics most politicians won’t touch
Podcast
#118 – Jaime Yassif on safeguarding bioscience to prevent catastrophic lab accidents and bioweapons development
Podcast

November

#117 – David Denkenberger on using paper mills and seaweed to feed everyone in a catastrophe, ft Sahil Shah
Podcast
#116 – Luisa Rodriguez on why global catastrophes seem unlikely to kill us all
Podcast
#115 – David Wallace on the many-worlds theory of quantum mechanics and its implications
Podcast

October

#114 – Maha Rehman on working with governments to rapidly deliver masks to millions of people
Podcast
#113 – Varsha Venugopal on using gossip to help vaccinate every child in India
Podcast
Effective altruism in a nutshell
Blog post
#112 – Carl Shulman on the common-sense case for existential risk work and its practical implications
Podcast

September

#111 – Mushtaq Khan on using institutional economics to predict effective government reforms
Podcast

August

#110 – Holden Karnofsky on building aptitudes and kicking ass
Podcast
#109 – Holden Karnofsky on the most important century
Podcast
#108 – Chris Olah on working at top AI labs without an undergrad degree
Podcast
#107 – Chris Olah on what the hell is going on inside neural networks
Podcast

July

#106 – Cal Newport on an industrial revolution for office work
Podcast
#105 – Alexander Berger on improving global health and wellbeing in clear and direct ways
Podcast

June

#104 – Dr Pardis Sabeti on the Sentinel system for detecting and stopping pandemics
Podcast
#103 – Max Roser on building the world’s first great source of COVID-19 data at Our World in Data
Podcast
#102 – Tom Moynihan on why prior generations missed some of the biggest priorities of all
Podcast

May

#101 – Robert Wright on using cognitive empathy to save the world
Podcast
#100 – Having a successful career with depression, anxiety, and imposter syndrome
Podcast
#99 – Leah Garcés on turning adversaries into allies to change the chicken industry
Podcast
#98 – Christian Tarsney on future bias and a possible solution to moral fanaticism
Podcast

April

#97 – Mike Berkowitz on keeping the U.S. a liberal democratic country
Podcast
Launching a new resource: ‘Effective Altruism: An Introduction’
Blog post
#96 – Nina Schick on disinformation and the rise of synthetic media
Podcast

March

#95 – Kelly Wanser on whether to deliberately intervene in the climate
Podcast
#94 – Ezra Klein on aligning journalism, politics, and what matters most
Podcast
#93 – Andy Weber on rendering bioweapons obsolete and ending the new nuclear arms race
Podcast
#92 – Brian Christian on the alignment problem
Podcast

February

#91 – Lewis Bollard on big wins against factory farming and how they happened
Podcast
Rob Wiblin on how he ended up the way he is
Blog post

January

#90 – Ajeya Cotra on worldview diversification and how big the future could be
Podcast
Rob Wiblin on self-improvement and research ethics
Blog post

2020

December

#89 – Owen Cotton-Barratt on epistemic systems & layers of defence against potential global catastrophes
Podcast
#88 – Tristan Harris on the need to change the incentives of social media companies
Podcast

November

Benjamin Todd on what the effective altruism community most needs (& how to analyse replaceability)
Podcast
#87 – Russ Roberts on whether it’s more effective to help strangers, or people you know
Podcast

October

#86 – Hilary Greaves on Pascal’s mugging, strong longtermism, and whether existing can be good for us
Podcast

September

Benjamin Todd on the core of effective altruism and how to argue for it
Podcast
Benjamin Todd on varieties of longtermism and things 80,000 Hours might be getting wrong
Podcast

August

#85 – Mark Lynas on climate change, societal collapse & nuclear energy
Podcast
#84 – Shruti Rajagopalan on what India did to stop COVID-19 and how well it worked
Podcast

July

#83 – Jennifer Doleac on ways to prevent crime other than police and prisons
Podcast
#82 – James Forman Jr on reducing the cruelty of the US criminal legal system
Podcast
#81 – Ben Garfinkel on scrutinising classic AI risk arguments
Podcast

June

#80 – Stuart Russell on the flaws that make today’s AI architecture unsafe, and a new approach that could fix them
Podcast
#79 – A.J. Jacobs on radical honesty, following the whole Bible, and reframing global problems as puzzles
Podcast

May

#78 – Danny Hernandez on forecasting and the drivers of AI progress
Podcast
#77 – Marc Lipsitch on whether we’re winning or losing against COVID-19
Podcast
#76 – Tara Kirk Sell on COVID-19 misinformation, who’s done well and badly, and what we should reopen first
Podcast

April

#75 – Michelle Hutchinson on what people most often ask 80,000 Hours
Podcast
#74 – Dr Greg Lewis on COVID-19 and reducing global catastrophic biological risks
Podcast

March

Emergency episode: Rob & Howie on the menace of COVID-19, and what both governments & individuals might be able to do to help
Podcast
#73 – Phil Trammell on how becoming a ‘patient philanthropist’ might allow you to do far more good
Podcast
#72 – Toby Ord on the precipice and humanity’s potential futures
Podcast
#71 – Benjamin Todd on the key ideas of 80,000 Hours
Podcast

February

Bonus episode: Arden & Rob on demandingness, work-life balance and injustice
Podcast
#70 – Dr Cassidy Nelson on the twelve best ways to stop the next pandemic (and limit COVID-19)
Podcast
#69 – Jeff Ding on China, its AI dream, and what we get wrong about both
Podcast
Bonus episode: What we do and don’t know about the 2019-nCoV coronavirus
Podcast

January

#68 – Will MacAskill on the moral case against ever leaving the house, whether now is the hinge of history, and the culture of effective altruism
Podcast

2019

December

#67 – David Chalmers on the nature and ethics of consciousness
Podcast
#66 – Peter Singer on being provocative, EA, how his moral views have changed, & rescuing children drowning in ponds
Podcast

November

#65 – Ambassador Bonnie Jenkins on 8 years of combating WMD terrorism
Podcast

October

#64 – Bruce Schneier on how insecure electronic voting could break the United States — and surveillance without tyranny
Podcast

September

Rob Wiblin on plastic straws, nicotine, doping, & whether changing the long term is really possible
Podcast
#63 – Vitalik Buterin on effective altruism, better ways to fund public goods, the blockchain’s problems so far, and how it could yet change the world
Podcast

August

#62 – Paul Christiano on whether we should leave a helpful message for future civilisations — just in case humanity dies out
Podcast

July

#61 – Helen Toner on the new 30-person research group in DC investigating how emerging technologies could affect national security
Podcast

June

#60 – Accurately predicting the future is central to absolutely everything. Phil Tetlock has spent 40 years studying how to do it better.
Podcast
#59 – Cass Sunstein on how social change happens, and why it’s so often abrupt & unpredictable
Podcast
#58 – Pushmeet Kohli on DeepMind’s plan to make AI systems robust & reliable, why it’s a core issue in AI design, and how to succeed at AI research
Podcast

May

Rob Wiblin on human nature, new technology, and living a happy, healthy & ethical life
Blog post

April

#57 – Tom Kalil on how to have a big impact in government & huge organisations, based on 16 years’ experience in the White House
Podcast
#56 – Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. We ask Persis Eskander what — if anything — should we do about that
Podcast

March

#55 – Mark Lutter on trying to end poverty by founding well-governed ‘charter’ cities, ft Tamara Winter
Podcast
#54 – Askell, Brundage & Clark on whether policy has a hope of keeping up with AI advances
Podcast

February

#53 – Kelsey Piper on whether journalists have room to write about important things
Podcast
#52 – Glen Weyl on radical institutional reforms that make capitalism & democracy work better, and how to get them
Podcast

January

#51 – Martin Gurri on the revolt of the public & crisis of authority in the information age
Podcast

2018

December

#50 – We could feed all eight billion people through a nuclear winter. David Denkenberger is working to make it practical.
Podcast
#49 – Rachel Glennerster on a year’s worth of education for under a dollar and other ‘best buys’ in development
Podcast

November

#48 – Brian Christian on computer science algorithms that tackle fundamental and universal problems — and whether they can help us live better in practice
Podcast
#47 – PhD or programming? Fast paths into aligning AI as a machine learning engineer, according to ML engineers Catherine Olsson & Daniel Ziegler
Podcast

October

#46 – Philosopher Hilary Greaves on moral cluelessness, population ethics, probability within a multiverse, & harnessing the brainpower of academia to tackle the most important research questions
Podcast
#45 – Economist Tyler Cowen says our overwhelming priorities should be maximising economic growth and making civilisation more stable. Is he right?
Podcast
#44 – Paul Christiano on how OpenAI is developing real solutions to the ‘AI alignment problem’, and his vision of how humanity will progressively hand over decision-making to AI systems
Podcast

September

#43 – Daniel Ellsberg on the creation of nuclear doomsday machines, the institutional insanity that maintains them, and a practical plan for dismantling them
Podcast
#42 – Amanda Askell on tackling the ethics of infinity, being clueless about the effects of our actions, and having moral empathy for intellectual adversaries
Podcast

August

#41 – If the US put fewer people in prison, would crime go up? Not at all, according to Open Philanthropy’s renowned researcher David Roodman.
Podcast
#40 – How well can we actually predict the future? Katja Grace on why expert opinion isn’t a great guide to AI’s impact and how to do better
Podcast
#39 – How much should you change your beliefs based on new evidence? Spencer Greenberg on the scientific approach to solving difficult everyday questions
Podcast

July

#38 – Yew-Kwang Ng on ethics and how to create a much happier world
Podcast
#37 – Finding the best charity requires estimating the unknowable. Here’s how GiveWell tries to do that, according to researcher James Snowden.
Podcast
#36 – Tanya Singh on ending the operations management bottleneck in effective altruism
Podcast

June

#35 – How the audacity to fix things without asking permission can change the world, demonstrated by Tara Mac Aulay
Podcast

May

#34 – Politics is so much worse because we use an atrocious 18th century voting system. Aaron Hamlin has a viable plan to fix it.
Podcast
#33 – Oxford’s Anders Sandberg on solar flares, the annual risk of nuclear war, and what if dictators could live forever?
Podcast
#32 – Economist Bryan Caplan thinks education is mostly pointless showing off. We test the strength of his case.
Podcast
#31 – Allan Dafoe on trying to prepare the world for the possibility that AI will destabilise global politics
Podcast
#30 – Eva Vivalt’s research suggests social science findings don’t generalize. So evidence-based development – what is it good for?
Podcast
#29 – Where are the aliens? Anders Sandberg on three new resolutions to the Fermi Paradox and how we could easily colonise the whole universe
Podcast

April

#28 – Owen Cotton-Barratt on why daring scientists should have to get liability insurance
Podcast
#27 – The careers and policies that can prevent global catastrophic biological risks, according to world-leading health security expert Dr Tom Inglesby
Podcast
#26 – How exactly clean meat is created & the advances needed to get it into every supermarket, according to food scientist Marie Gibbons
Podcast

March

#25 – Why we have to lie to ourselves about why we do what we do, according to economist Robin Hanson
Podcast
#24 – Stefan Schubert on why it’s a bad idea to break the rules, even if it’s for a good cause
Podcast
#23 – Jan Leike on how to become a machine learning alignment researcher
Podcast
#22 – Leah Utyasheva on how to massively cut suicide rates in Sri Lanka, and her non-profit’s plan to do the same around the world
Podcast

February

#21 – The world’s most intellectual foundation is hiring. Holden Karnofsky, founder of GiveWell, on how philanthropy can have maximum impact by taking big risks.
Podcast
#20 – Bruce Friedrich makes the case that inventing outstanding meat replacements is the most effective way to help animals
Podcast
#19 – Samantha Pitts-Kiefer on her job worrying about any way nukes could get used
Podcast

January

#18 – Ofir Reich on using data science to end poverty and the spurious action/inaction distinction
Podcast
#17 – Will MacAskill fears our descendants will probably see us as moral monsters. What should we do about that?
Podcast

2017

December

#16 – Michelle Hutchinson hopes to shape the world by shaping the ideas of intellectuals. Will global priorities research succeed?
Podcast

Filter by content type:
All223
Podcasts204
Podcasts (80k After Hours)13
Blog posts6

Join our newsletter

Get weekly updates on our research, plus jobs and other opportunities to get involved.

Get 1-1 advice

Want to tackle a pressing global problem with your career?

Speak to an advisor

Our research

Career guide
AGI careers
List of world problems
List of top skills
List of careers
Foundations
Future generations
Artificial intelligence
Anonymous advice
College advice
New releases
All our research
Translations of our content

Follow us

Podcast
80k After Hours
Our videos
Newsletter
Twitter
Instagram
LinkedIn group
Facebook
TikTok
YouTube

Take action

Find a job
Get 1-1 advice
Make a career plan

About us

Why 80,000 Hours?
Meet the team
Our impact and credibility
Our mistakes
Our donors
Contact us
Support us

80,000 Hours Limited is a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (with registered company number 15746854).

Please contact us to suggest ideas, improvements, or corrections.

We do our best to provide useful information, but how you use the information is up to you. We don’t take responsibility for any loss that results from the use of information on the site. Please consult our full legal disclaimer, website privacy notice, and terms of use. See also our cookie notice and adjust your .

© 2025 – all rights reserved. Please contact us if you wish to redistribute, translate, or adapt this work.