New releases | Page 34 of 56 | 80,000 Hours

Smoking in the developing world

Problem profile by Robert Wiblin · Published April 2016

Smoking takes an enormous toll on human health – accounting for about 6% of all ill-health globally according to the best estimates. This is more than HIV and malaria combined. Despite this, smoking is on the rise in many developing countries as people become richer and can afford to buy cigarettes.

There appears to be a range of policies which have been shown to reduce smoking rates, which are usually not applied in developing countries. The most natural ways to tackle the problem through your career include becoming a health policy expert, or advocacy through journalism, think tanks and politics. This is a particularly promising cause for people living in a developing country with high smoking rates.

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The case for and against using your career to combat smoking

Blog post by Peter McIntyre · Published April 6th, 2016

We’ve released a new problem profile on reducing tobacco use in the developing world.

Smoking takes an enormous toll on human health – accounting for about 6% of all ill-health globally according to the best estimates. This is more than HIV and malaria combined. Smoking continues to rise in many developing countries as people become richer and can afford to buy cigarettes.

There are ways to lower smoking rates that have been shown to work elsewhere, such as informing people who are unaware about how much smoking damages their health, as well as simply increasing the price of cigarettes through taxes. These are little used in developing countries, suggesting there is a major opportunity to improve human health by applying the World Health Organization’s recommended anti-tobacco programs.

In the profile we cover:

The main reasons for and against thinking that smoking in the developing world is a highly pressing problem to work on.
How to use your career to reduce the health damage caused by smoking.

Read our profile on tobacco control in the developing world.

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Why and how to work on cause prioritisation research

Blog post by Robert Wiblin · Published April 5th, 2016

We’ve released a new problem profile on global priorities research based on our investigation of the area in 2014.

Governments, charities, intergovernmental organisations, and social enterprises spend large amounts of money to improve the world but there is currently little research to guide them on what priorities they should focus on at the highest level.

Global priorities research seeks to use new methods to determine in which causes funding to improve the world can have the biggest impact, and make a convincing case about this to people in a position to redirect large amounts of money.

In the profile we cover:

The main reasons for and against thinking that global priorities research is a highly pressing topic to work on.
How to use your career to make progress in this research area.

Read our profile on global priorities research.

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Is global health the most pressing problem to work on?

Blog post by Robert Wiblin · Published April 4th, 2016

Every year around ten million people in poorer countries die of illnesses that can be very cheaply prevented or managed, including malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and diarrhoea.

In many cases these diseases or their impacts can be largely eliminated with cheap technologies that are known to work and have existed for decades. Over the last 60 years, death rates from several of these diseases have been more than halved, suggesting particularly clear ways to make progress.

In our full ‘problem profile on health in poor countries’ we cover:

The main reasons for and against thinking that this is the most pressing problem to work on.
How to use your career to combat diseases of poverty.

Read our profile on health in poor countries.

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Global health

Problem profile by Robert Wiblin · Published April 2016

Every year around 10 million people in poorer countries die of illnesses that can be very cheaply prevented or managed, including malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea.

Only around $100 per capita is spent annually on the healthcare of people living in low-income countries (adjusted for purchasing power). To put this in context: annual health spending in the EU is over $4,500 per capita, in the UK it’s about $5,000 per capita, and in the US it’s nearly $11,000.

As a result, there remain many opportunities to scale up treatments that are known to prevent or cure common health conditions in low-income countries.

Options for working on the problem include serving as a donor to effective projects, working as an economist in intergovernmental organisations (such as the World Bank or World Health Organization), or starting or working in a nonprofit that scales up proven treatments.

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Why and how to use your career to work on biosecurity

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published April 3rd, 2016

We’ve released a new profile on biosecurity.

Natural pandemics and new scientifically engineered pathogens could potentially kill millions or even billions of people. Moreover, future progress in synthetic biology is likely to increase the risk and severity of pandemics from engineered pathogens.

But there are promising paths to reducing these risks through regulating potentially dangerous research, improving early detection systems and developing better international emergency response plans.

In the profile we cover:

The main reasons for and against thinking that biosecurity is a highly pressing problem.
How to use your career to work on reducing the risks from pandemics.

Read our profile on biosecurity.

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Why and how to use your career to end factory farming

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published April 3rd, 2016

We’ve released a new problem profile on factory farming.

50,000,000,000 animals are raised and slaughtered in factory farms globally each year. Most experience extreme levels of suffering over the course of their lives. But there are promising paths to improving the conditions of factory farmed animals and to reducing meat consumption.

In the profile we cover:

The main reasons for and against thinking that factory farming is a highly pressing problem.
How to use your career to work on ending factory farming.

Read our profile on factory farming.

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We’ll pay you up to £1,000 to write a career review for us

Blog post by Robert Wiblin · Published March 30th, 2016

Update: Unfortunately, due to staff limitations we cannot accept any more freelance career reviews.

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You can earn £1,000 by writing a review of a career path that’s sufficiently good for us to publish it on our site. At the same time you’ll help tens of thousands of people choose a career path with more social impact.

We are willing to pay £1,000 if you send us something that’s as good as, or better, than what we could have done ourselves, and only needs minor revisions; £300 if it’s usable but requires significant input from us; and £150 if it’s a helpful input into one of our reviews.

Before you start, send an email to [email protected] to confirm the title you’ll work on.

Some example reviews that we think have an appropriate level of detail to target include Economics PhD, Journalism, and Marketing.

An outstanding career profile is Medical Careers. Here’s a list of all our career profiles (including some ones in an old format and some that are both much longer and shorter than the 3 above).

To help you get started see our list of headings we fill out when writing career reviews, and a list of links we often refer to. In most cases you will want to speak to 1-3 people in the relevant career to collect information to include.

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Which skills make you most employable?

Blog post by Benjamin Todd · Published March 26th, 2016

Summary

We correlated 35 key transferable skills with salaries, then rated them on how easy they are to learn, and combined them into 11 categories.

Based on this analysis, the five skills to learn that will most boost your employability are:

Learning how to learn and personal productivity
Persuasion and negotiation
Science
Communication
Analysis and problem solving

This analysis is still preliminary, so we wouldn’t put too much weight on it.

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Everything you need to know about whether money makes you happy

Article by Robert Wiblin · Published March 2016

Last updated: March 2016.

Full reading time: 15 minutes.

Introduction

It’s a cliché that “you can’t buy happiness”, but at the same time, financial security is among most people’s top career priorities. Moreover, when people are asked what would most improve the quality of their lives, the most common answer is more money. What’s going on here? Who is right?

A lot of the research on this question is of remarkably low quality. But there have been some recent major studies in economics that allow us to make progress. In particular, we now finally have survey data from hundreds of thousands of people all around the world. We’ve sifted through the best studies available to figure out what’s really going on. The truth seems to lie in the middle: money does make you happy, but only a little. And this has many important implications about trade-offs you face in your life and career.

Are richer people more satisfied with their lives?

Thinking about it for a moment, you’d expect that the richer you are, the more extra money you need to further increase your happiness.

If you’re earning $10,000 a year, and you get an extra $1,000, you’re probably going to use it on something pretty important, like making rent, which will make a big difference to your happiness. But if you’re earning $100,000 per year, you’ll hardly notice an extra $1,000.

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Will high stress kill you, save your life, or neither?

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published February 26th, 2016

Many people assume stress is obviously bad, and lots of people tell us they want to find a “low stress job”. But a new book (and TED talk with over 10 million views) by psychologist Kelly McGonigal claims that stress is only bad if you think it is, and that stress can make us stronger, smarter and happier. So are most people wrong, or is stress only bad if you have the wrong attitude towards it?

We did a survey of the literature, and found that as is often the case, the truth lies in between. Stress can be good in some circumstances, but some of McGonigal’s claims also seem overblown.

In summary, whether work demands have good or bad effects seems to depend on the following things:

Variable		Good (or neutral)	Bad
Type of stress	Intensity of demands	Challenging but achievable	Mismatched with ability (either too high or too low)
Type of stress	Duration	Short-term	On-going
Context	Control	High control and autonomy	Low control and autonomy
	Power	High power	Low power
	Social Support	Good social support	Social isolation
How to cope	Mindset	Reframe demands as opportunities, stress as useful	View demands as threats, stress as harmful to health
How to cope	Altruism	Performing altruistic acts	Focusing on yourself

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Interview: trying to change the resources industry from the inside

Blog post by Benjamin Todd · Published February 25th, 2016

Benjamin Todd interviewed Michael Dello-Iacovo about his attempts to do good as a geophysicist inside the Australian mining industry.

What does the job involve?

I’m a geophysicist working for a resources company in Australia. The resources industry is broad, and includes exploration, mining and oil and gas production. Roles in the resources industry include geologists, environmental scientists, engineers (of almost all types), information technology, and a host of others. All of these potentially involve some intermittent field work. I’ll focus on geophysics and geology, as these are the roles I’m most familiar with. Note that this summary is focussed on private oil & gas and mining companies, not government or research organisations. While the roles may be similar in these organisations, the culture, salary and other perks are likely not.

As a resources geophysicist, my work ranges from data processing (which is actually more enjoyable and challenging than it sounds), interpreting and developing geological models and spending time in the field, where my role becomes more one of contractor management, environmental/safety auditing and data quality management. Being in a technical role, I don’t have a lot of meetings (perhaps 2-3 formal meetings per week), and a lot of time is spent behind a computer screen.

Why did you take this job?

I first decided to enter the resources industry part-way through my university science degree because I had a long-time love of rocks and minerals,

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Help build our career guide as a freelance web engineer

Blog post by Benjamin Todd · Published February 24th, 2016

We’d like to hire a freelance web engineer to work 2-3 days per week developing our career guide for the next six months.

The role will be similar to the product engineer position we advertised in the fall, except freelance and for six months.

In the next few months, you’d work on: (i) adding features to the career quiz and testing them (ii) restructuring the site around a new package of intro materials (iii) testing ways to boost our key conversions. You’d also play the role of lead developer, and act as the point person for any technical issues in the team.

The ideal candidate would have one year web development experience, and an eye for design. The site is built in WordPress, though we use angular JS for the front-end of the quiz.

For more info, contact direct.ben at 80000hours.org.

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New career review: web designer

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published February 23rd, 2016

What is the best career for someone whose main strengths are in visual design?

To start figuring that out we’ve released a new career review on web design.

Here’s a quick summary:

Pros

Web designers can work on a broad range of high impact projects because they are in-demand across many types of organisations, including charities, governments and startups.
As a backup, web designers can enter paths with good pay, like UX design ($80,000 median salary), and earn to give.

Cons

Good design is hard to measure, which makes it hard to prove your abilities to potential employers, meaning entry and progression can be difficult.

Who should do it?

You should consider web design if you studied graphic design or a related field; you’ve already spent several years developing web-design skills; and you are persuasive enable you to get a foot in the door when you’re starting out.
However if you have the technical skills to do web development, we recommend you do that instead, since it wins over web design on most dimensions (salary, number of jobs, job growth rate, quality of work is easier to measure).

Read the full review.

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Web designer

Career review by Roman Duda · Published February 2016

Web designers create the look and layout of web pages. Their skills are in-demand in many types of organizations, from charities to startups, giving you flexibility to work on high impact projects. As a backup, you can enter paths with good pay, like UX design ($80k median salary), and earn to give. However, good design is hard to measure, which makes it hard to prove your abilities to potential employers, meaning entry and progression can be difficult. You should consider web design if you studied graphic design or a related field, you’ve already spent several years developing good taste in web-design and you have strong persuasion skills that enable you to get a foot in the door when you’re starting out. However if you have the technical skills to do web development, we recommend you do that instead, since it has higher pay, more jobs and entry and progression is easier.

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What the literature says about the earnings of entrepreneurs

Blog post by Benjamin Todd · Published February 19th, 2016

This piece is part of our series on high impact entrepreneurship. Sign up to our newsletter and we’ll email you with the rest of the series.

Summary

Until recently, academics lumped ‘entrepreneurs’ together with all the ‘self-employed’. A new paper, however, split the self-employed into those who owned incorporated businesses and those who don’t. (Though note that the incorporated self-employed are still very different from startup founders.)
Self-employed people who own incorporated businesses earn about 50% more than people with regular jobs.
Most of this is due to them being more educated and working harder. However, even if you correct for these factors, it seems like shifting into owning an incorporated business boosts income by about 18%.
The unincorporated self-employed (mostly running things like hairdressers, restaurants, corner shops etc.) earn less than salaried workers on average.
Once you try to compare like-for-like workers, you find that when people switch into unincorporated self-employment, 50% earn less than they would as a salaried worker (but gain more freedom), and 30% earn more. The overall average is about the same.

Introduction

It’s widely believed that entrepreneurs earn more than salaried workers. However, until recently the research did not seem to back this up. In fact, the findings of several studies in 1989 presented a puzzle: entrepreneurs appeared to earn less than their salaried counterparts.

In his 2013 book The Founder’s Dilemmas,

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Use our tool to decide whether you’re on the right career path

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published February 18th, 2016

You know how you should review your career at least once a year to make sure that you’re on the right path and set goals for the coming year?

You did that already, right?

Oh, no?

Well, in that case we’ve created a tool to make it quick and easy. Just answer the questions, and we’ll email you your answers when you’re done. There are only six key questions:

Do your annual career review

Once you’re done and have decided what steps to take, you can relax about your career trajectory for another 12 months!

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Is nursing or headhunting the best career for you?

Blog post by Robert Wiblin · Published February 17th, 2016

Read our full review of nursing.
Read our full review of executive search.

One of the most frequent criticisms of our career recommender is that it usually recommends highly competitive options that are beyond the reach of most people. Furthermore, it disproportionately recommends careers for people with strong mathematical skills.

To begin to address this we have written two shallow career reviews of options that are both less competitive and less quantitative – nursing and executive search (also known as headhunting). Both are primarily ‘earning to give‘ careers.

Try our career recommender to get personalised career ideas.

Join our newsletter for regular updates about all our new career reviews.

What were the bottom lines?

is quite well paid in some countries, with a low risk of unemployment
provides a launching pad for a career in medical management
is satisfying work for most nurses, with flexibility around hours, though nurse ‘burn out’ at unusually high rates
offers the opportunity to study advanced nursing degrees which are even better paid.

On the other hand,

we expect more nurses in the developed world will improve health outcomes only a small amount
we are cautious about recommending a nursing degree to high-school leavers because it won’t be much use to them if they decide not to become nurses –

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How important is finding a career that matches your strengths?

Blog post by Roman Duda · Published February 17th, 2016

One of the most common ideas in career advice is that finding a good career is a matter of finding the role that uniquely matches who you are. You’ll be fantastic at the career that best matches you, and terrible at other careers, so the mission should be to find the career that’s the best match.

We haven’t found much support for this idea so far. The most in-depth attempt to study “match” is Holland-types, but several meta-analyses have found no or only a very weak relationship between Holland-type match and performance (or job satisfaction). On the other hand, we’ve encountered some important general predictors of success. For instance, hundreds of studies have found that the smarter you are, the more likely you are to succeed in almost every career. With a general predictor like intelligence, more is always better – it’s not that it means you’ll do well in some jobs but worse in others depending on your “match”.

However, a new line of research into “strengths” might shift the picture. There have been two attempts – the Virtues in Action (VIA) Signature Strengths test and Strengths Finder – to determine people’s character strengths, and study the importance of leading a career in line with them.

We did a review of the literature to see whether we should incorporate them into our advice, which we summarise below. We found that strengths don’t seem especially useful for choosing a career in the first place;

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Executive search

Career review by Robert Wiblin · Last updated February 2016 · First published February 2016

Executive Search firms aim to fill senior roles within other organisations, most often large companies or professional services firms.

We think executive search (a.k.a. headhunting) could be a good option for those who want to earn to give, desire work-life balance, and whose main strengths are verbal and social skills.

Nonetheless, we don’t recommend executive search to many people because the career capital and exit options are weaker than nearby alternatives.

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